
Project Summary: Breast Cancer Prevention
Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is cells from the milk ducts that have become cancerous but have not spread. DCIS diagnoses have become much more common with increased mammography. Doctors have questioned the current aggressive treatment options, and intraductal evaluation and treatment options may be better options.
- DCIS diagnoses have increased greatly due to increased rates of mammography.
- Surgery, radiation, and hormone therapy — the standard treatment for DCIS — have significant side effects and no impact on long-term survival.
- Since only a portion of DCIS cases progress to invasive breast cancer, treatment plans need to be tailored to the individual by carefully evaluating risks on a case-by-case basis.
- More research on less invasive, intraductal approaches will help provide additional options for those diagnosed with DCIS.
- The Parsemus Foundation advocates for non-invasive and simple approaches to complex health issues, and supports the intraductal approach for preventing, evaluating and treating breast cancer.
- To support individualized medicine, we provide educational information on DCIS so that informed health decisions can be made.
Project Topics
Doctors call for less invasive methods to treat ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)
The Parsemus Foundation encourages research on simple approaches that could have a big impact, including the intraductal approach to early breast cancer — preventing, or eliminating, early cellular changes in the milk ducts (where the great majority of breast cancers start). When these changes are detected, the condition is called ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) — the most common noninvasive lesion of the breast. With mammography becoming standard practice, the diagnosis of DCIS has skyrocketed, now accounting for over 20% of breast cancer diagnoses. Surgery, radiation, and hormone therapy are standard therapies, despite the fact that only a portion of DCIS cases progress to invasive cancer.
But scientists and physicians have been increasingly questioning the aggressive traditional treatment of DCIS. This pre-cancerous condition may be over-diagnosed and over treated in the U.S., and clinical trials have shown that while radiation and hormone therapy can reduce the risk of invasive recurrence, they have no effect on survival. There has been a call for tailoring the treatment to the woman, and carefully evaluating risks. Newer molecular profiling may serve to more effectively predict whether the condition will progress (see reviews by Feinberg and colleagues, 2018 and Barrio & Van Zee, 2017, and information on molecular evaluation by Nofech-Mozes et al, 2019).
Intraductal treatment of DCIS for breast cancer prevention and evaluation
Increasing evidence suggests that evaluating and even treating DCIS through the breast ducts can be an effective nonsurgical alternative. Dr. Susan Love has been an advocate of the intraductal approach for years, with research studies focused on mapping the breast ducts with 3D ultrasound. Ductal lavage, ductoscopy, and intraductal infusion of therapeutic agents may enhance breast cancer treatment. See details below.
- Intraductal lavage involves flushing the mammary ducts and collecting the fluid for analysis of the cells. This method is becoming more common, especially for women at high risk of breast cancer. While the sensitivity required to detect abnormal cells visually is not ideal, evaluation of molecular indicators in the fluid is proving to be a useful diagnostic tool.
- Mammary ductoscopy (threading a tiny endoscope into the breast ducts) is a noninvasive method that can help to visualize and sample lesions. Ductoscopes have been developed with fiber optics to aid visualization. This method can also be used to guide lumpectomy surgery, which helps to avoid the additional surgeries that may be required when lesions are missed with traditional methods.
- Intraductal infusion is a method to put therapeutic agents directly into the duct system, where most breast cancers originate. It’s less likely to cause systemic toxicity since the physician is targeting a specific area. A number of clinical trials of intraductal chemotherapy have indicated the safety and feasibility of this method for breast cancer prevention.

Take Action on Breast Cancer Prevention
If you or someone you know has been diagnosed with DCIS, review the references here to learn more about the risks and benefits of different treatment options. Be sure to ask your physician about molecular profiling (to determine if you are in a low-risk group) and intraductal approaches that might help you avoid more aggressive treatment options.
Additional Resources
- Balci FL, Feldman SM. (2014). Exploring breast with therapeutic ductoscopy. Gland Surg. 3(2): 136–141. (free full text — review article)
- Barrio AV, Van Zee KJ. (2017). Controversies in the treatment of DCIS. Annu Rev Med. 68:197-211. (free full text — review article)
- Do Canto LM, et al. MicroRNA analysis of breast ductal fluid in breast cancer patients. (2016). Int J Oncol. 48(5): 2071–2078. (free full text)
- Feinberg J, Wetstone R, Greenstein D, Borgen P. (2018). Is DCIS overrated? Cancer Treat Res. 173:53-72. (abstract)
- Flanagan M, Love S, Shelley Hwang ES. (2010). Status of intraductal therapy for ductal carcinoma in situ. Curr Breast Cancer Rep, 2:75–82. (free full text — review article)
- King BL, Love SM. (2006). The intraductal approach to the breast: raison d’être. Breast Cancer Res. 8(206 ). (free full text review).
- Love SM, Zhang W, Gordon EJ, Rao J, Yang H, Li J, Zhang B, Wang X, Chen G, Zhang B. (2013). A feasibility study of the intraductal administration of chemotherapy. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 6(1):51-8. (free full text — Phase I study of intraductal chemotherapy)
- Mahoney ME, Gordon EJ, Rao JY, Jin Y, Hylton N, Love SM. (2013). Intraductal therapy of ductal carcinoma in situ: A presurgery study. Clin Breast Cancer. 13(4): 280–286. (free full text)
- Murata S, Kominsky SL, Vali M, et al (2006). Ductal access for prevention and therapy of mammary tumors. Cancer Res, 66 (2): 638–645. (free full text)
- Nofech-Mozes S, Hanna W, Rakovitch E. (2019). Molecular Evaluation of Breast Ductal Carcinoma in Situ with Oncotype DX DCIS. Am J Pathol. 189(5):975-980. (free full text)
- Stearns V et al. (2011). Preclinical and clinical evaluation of intraductally administered agents in early breast cancer. Sci Transl Med. 26: 3(106). (free full text)
- Wang T, Kumar A, Ding W et al. (2022). Intraductal administration of transferrin receptor-targeted immunotoxin clears ductal carcinoma in situ in mouse models of breast cancer—a preclinical study. Proc Nat Acad Sci. 19(24) June 8, 2022. (abstract)
- Zielinski J, Jaworski R, Irga-Jaworska N, Haponiuk I, Jaskiewicz J. (2015). The significance of ductoscopy of mammary ducts in the diagnostics of breast neoplasms. Wideochir Inne Tech Maloinwazyjne. 10(1): 79–86. (free full text)
- Last updated on March 23, 2023
Human Health News

Nickel allergy may be misdiagnosed as IBS
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a fairly common disorder characterized by stomach pain, diarrhea, constipation, gas, and bloating. Most people with these symptoms see a

Plan A highlighted in article on male birth control
The promise of new male contraceptive options was highlighted in an article by Kelcie Moseley-Morris published in News from the States. Heather Vahdat of the

Parsemus’ Elaine Lissner speaks on male contraception at SXSW
The Parsemus Foundation founder and trustee, Elaine Lissner, was invited to speak about male contraception at the SXSW event on March 10, 2023. SXSW (“south

Nickel allergy may be misdiagnosed as IBS
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a fairly common disorder characterized by stomach pain, diarrhea, constipation, gas, and bloating. Most people with these symptoms see a

Plan A highlighted in article on male birth control
The promise of new male contraceptive options was highlighted in an article by Kelcie Moseley-Morris published in News from the States. Heather Vahdat of the

Parsemus’ Elaine Lissner speaks on male contraception at SXSW
The Parsemus Foundation founder and trustee, Elaine Lissner, was invited to speak about male contraception at the SXSW event on March 10, 2023. SXSW (“south

Plan A™ male contraceptive to use Vasalgel technology
NEXT Life Sciences, Inc. announced on March 22, 2023 its plans for the Plan A™ male contraceptive. Vasalgel, the polymer hydrogel developed by the Parsemus